Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Braj Kumar Nehru said Gandhi's conviction would not harm her political career. "[124] Relations with the U.S. became distant as Gandhi developed closer ties with the Soviet Union after the war. The Indian Libertarian, Volume 15–17. Norman, Dorothy. [188] Businessmen who owned the banks were often accused of channeling the deposits into their own companies and ignoring priority sector lending. After being fired from Santiniketan, Indira Gandhi was quite lonely, because her mother was sick and dad were busy in politics. After this, public sector bank branch deposits increased by approximately 800 percent; advances took a huge jump by 11,000 percent. [129], India maintained close ties with neighbouring Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) following the Liberation War. He was also one of the most trusted lieutenants of his mother during the 1970s and was widely expected to succeed his mother as Prime Minister of India. [177], The period of 1967–75 was characterised by socialist ascendency in India, which culminated in 1976 with the official declaration of state socialism. WikiLeaks on Sanjay Gandhi Death Mystery | Indira Gandhi Exposed Killing Her Own Son Sanjay Gandhi?Indira Gandhi ने अपने बेटे Sanjay Gandhi को मरवाया? He was a family member of the Nehru-Gandhi family. While it was thought at the time, and for decades after, that President Johnson's policy of withholding food grain shipments was to coerce Indian support for the war, in fact, it was to offer India rainmaking technology that he wanted to use as a counterweight to China's possession of the atomic bomb. "[45] Regardless of the controversy over the nature of the reforms, the long-term effects of the social changes gave rise to the prominence of middle-ranking farmers from intermediate and lower castes in North India. "[223][224], Gandhi did not often discuss her gender, but she did involve herself in women's issues before becoming the prime minister. [251], Although the Maruti Udyog company was first established by Gandhi's son, Sanjay, it was under Indira that the then nationalized company came to prominence. About Indira Gandhi. [190] In 1969, Gandhi moved to nationalise fourteen major commercial banks. Indira Gandhi was extremely well known for her rousing speeches that she delivered all over the country. The writer also points out that the Congress failed in such states as Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim. "I believe the prime minister of India will continue in office until the electorate of India decides otherwise". [56], Despite the victory against Pakistan, the Congress government faced numerous problems during this term. The program was supervised and staffed by the Indian National Congress party. The Janata alliance, with Jai Prakash Narayan as its spiritual guide, claimed the elections were the last chance for India to choose between "democracy and dictatorship". Boston: Shankar, A. Outgoing state PCC chief Arun Yadav said in a speech that Nath was regarded as former PM Indira Gandhi's third son. "[166] Critics also accused Gandhi of choosing to "talk left and act right", referring to her concurrent pro-business decisions and endeavours. [225] In 1956, Gandhi had an active role in setting up the Congress Party's Women's Section. [25] At Oxford, she did well in history, political science and economics, but her grades in Latin—a compulsory subject—remained poor. [39][40], The first electoral test for Gandhi was the 1967 general elections for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies. During this time Nawab Khan (who used to send wine in Anand Bhavan), son of Feroz Khan’s grew proximity to Indira, he said. "[169] Her campaign slogan, Garibi Hatao ('Remove Poverty'), has become an often used motto of the Indian National Congress Party. [218] They had two sons—Rajiv (b. The letter stated, “”I cannot describe to you my feelings at the news of the loss of your mother, except to say that it was like losing a member of my own family. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. "[50], Gandhi's biggest achievement following the 1971 election came in December 1971 with India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War that occurred in the last two weeks of the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to the formation of independent Bangladesh. Recent clues. [165] By the end of the 1960s, the reversal of the liberalisation process was complete, and India's policies were characterised as "protectionist as ever. Before the war, Gandhi signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviets. In response to her arrest, Gandhi's supporters hijacked an Indian Airlines jet and demanded her immediate release. In an effort to split the Akali Dal and gain popular support among the Sikhs, Gandhi's Congress Party helped to bring the orthodox religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale to prominence in Punjab politics. Upon her father's death in 1964, she was appointed as a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and became a member of Lal Bahadur Shastri's cabinet as Minister of Information and Broadcasting. [225] In 1956, she wrote in a letter: "It is because of this that I am taking a much more active part in politics. DAUGHTER. And, as a woman, she naturally helped head the Women's section of the Congress Party. In 2020, Gandhi was named by Time magazine among the world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century. [107] The men dropped their weapons and surrendered. [122] U.S. President Richard Nixon disliked Gandhi personally, referring to her as a "witch" and a "clever fox" in his private communication with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Opposition to her in the 1973–75 period, after the Gandhi wave had receded, was strongest in the states of Bihar and Gujarat. Jayakar, Pupul. [157] She also enjoyed a close working relationship with many British leaders including conservative premiers, Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher. [170] Only 7.4% (24) of the total 330 biographical extractions posit ideology as a reason for her policy choices. She was the mother of every Indian supremo", "Indira Gandhi – India's democrat with an authoritarian bent", "The darkest phase in Indira's tenure as PM – Emergency! "[164] Yet, she later forged close relations with Indian communists even while using the army to break the Naxalites. [181] The preceding year—1979–80—under the Janata Party government saw the strongest recession (−5.2%) in the history of modern India with inflation rampant at 18.2%. Priyadarshi, D., 1975. She was a student at the Modern School in Delhi, St Cecilia's and St Mary's Christian convent schools in Allahabad,[18] the International School of Geneva, the Ecole Nouvelle in Bex, and the Pupils' Own School in Poona and Bombay, which is affiliated with the University of Mumbai. [249], One of her legacies is supposed to be the systematic corruption of all parts of India's government from the executive to the judiciary due to her sense of insecurity. Moreover, her government resolved never again to become "so vulnerably dependent" on aid, and painstakingly began building up substantial foreign exchange reserves. During Nehru's time as Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964, Gandhi was considered a key assistant and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. In response, Gandhi nationalised oil companies in 1973. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Shri Raj Narain and Anr. [83] In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority. PW 5) Raina Anupuma, Lalwani Sanjeev, Dogra TD, Dept. [136] India under Gandhi was alleged to have supported the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) militants in the 1980s to put pressure on Jayewardene to abide by Indian interests. [201], In the late 1960s and 1970s, Gandhi had the Indian army crush militant Communist uprisings in the Indian state of West Bengal. [41], For the first time, the party also lost power or lost its majority in a number of states across the country. Her father was often away and she was brought up by her mother who was mostly bed-ridden due to her illn… He was a family member of the Nehru-Gandhi family. "[169], In summarising the biographical works on Gandhi, Blema S. Steinberg concludes she was decidedly non-ideological. The university later awarded her an honorary degree. [60], Gandhi moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest. "[45] In the 1980s, Gandhi was accused of "betraying socialism" after the beginning of Operation Forward, an attempt at economic reform. [233] Thus by 1947, she was already well immersed in politics, and by 1966, when she first assumed the position of prime minister, she had held several cabinet positions in her father's office. Newbury Park, CA: Ghosh, P.S., 1999. Her government targeted an average growth rate of 5.2% over the period of the plan. [84], The Congress Party under Gandhi swept back into power in January 1980. [14] She had a lonely and unhappy childhood. The bullets were matched with their respective weapons at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) Delhi. [45] The Green Revolution in India subsequently culminated under her government in the 1970s. The easy trade deals also applied to non-military goods. Other crossword enthusiasts will be very grateful for your research! [150] Gandhi began negotiations with the Kenyan government to establish the Africa-India Development Cooperation. [219], Gandhi's yoga guru, Dhirendra Brahmachari, helped her in making certain decisions and also executed certain top level political tasks on her behalf, especially from 1975 to 1977 when Gandhi "declared a state of emergency and suspended civil liberties. Gandhi indicated that she would make no major concessions on Kashmir. [197], In 1972, Gandhi granted statehood to Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura, while the North-East Frontier Agency was declared a union territory and renamed Arunachal Pradesh. [247], The Congress party was a "broad church" during the independence movement; however, it started turning into a family firm controlled by Indira Gandhi's family during the emergency. [161], Gandhi presided over three Five-Year Plans as prime minister, two of which succeeded in meeting their targeted growth. "[167] J. Barkley Rosser Jr. wrote that "some have even seen the declaration of emergency rule in 1975 as a move to suppress [leftist] dissent against Gandhi's policy shift to the right. [165], The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–79) was enacted against the backdrop of the state of emergency and the Twenty Point Program of 1975. "[38], Gandhi formed her government with Morarji Desai as deputy Prime Minister and finance minister. As the constitution requires that the Prime Minister must be a member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha, the two houses of the Parliament of India, she was effectively removed from office. The Gandhi faction, called Congress (R), lost its majority in the parliament but remained in power with the support of regional parties such as DMK. Rajiv was a young man, still India’s youngest prime minister. [195] By doing this she had hoped to ward off the growing political conflict between Hindu and Sikh groups in the region. [34] After her father's death in 1964 she was appointed a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and served in Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri's cabinet as Minister of Information and Broadcasting. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. Soon afterwards, the Congress party split again with Gandhi floating her own Congress faction. RANK. Gandhi had a personal motive in pursuing agricultural self-sufficiency, having found India's dependency on the U.S. for shipments of grains humiliating. "[226] Gandhi spent a great deal of time throughout the 1950s helping to organise women. When elections were held in 1980, Indira Gandhi made a triumphant return to power winning 351 out of total of 542 seats. The insurgents soon agreed to surrender and signed the Shillong Accord in 1975. [100], The day before her death (30 October 1984), Gandhi visited Odisha where she gave her last speech at the then Parade Ground in front of the Secretariat of Odisha. Sanjay Gandhi (1946–1980), second son of Indira. Print. Her funeral was televised live on domestic and international stations, including the BBC. Gandhi's authorisation of the detonation of a nuclear device at Pokhran in 1974 was viewed by Pakistani leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as an attempt to intimidate Pakistan into accepting India's hegemony in the subcontinent. Since Singh refused to drop them, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979. "Flying kites, climbing trees, playing marbles with her boy cousins, Indira said she hardly knew the difference between a boy and a girl until the age of twelve. [158], The relationship between India and the Soviet Union deepened during Gandhi's rule. [145] The progressive Arab regimes in Egypt, Syria, and Algeria chose to remain neutral, while the conservative pro-American Arab monarchies in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and United Arab Emirates openly supported Pakistan. [138] Gandhi made a statement emphasising that she stood for the territorial integrity of Sri Lanka, although she also stated that India cannot "remain a silent spectator to any injustice done to the Tamil community. Dr. T D Dogra's Expert Evidence in trial of assassination of Late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (Witness No. Athletics & apartheid. Their marriage lasted 18 years until he died of a heart attack in 1960. This had been her first economic policy formulation, six months after coming to office. [29][1] During her stay in Britain, Indira frequently met her future husband Feroze Gandhi (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi), whom she knew from Allahabad, and who was studying at the London School of Economics. [36] Because she was a woman, other political leaders in India saw Gandhi as weak and hoped to use her as a puppet once elected: Congress President Kamaraj orchestrated Mrs. Gandhi's selection as prime minister because he perceived her to be weak enough that he and the other regional party bosses could control her, and yet strong enough to beat Desai [her political opponent] in a party election because of the high regard for her father ... a woman would be an ideal tool for the Syndicate. Even though men surrounded Gandhi during her upbringing, she still had a female role model as a child. [162] Measures to check inflation were also taken; by the early 1980s it was under control at an annual rate of about 5%. Under Gandhi, by the early 1980s, the Soviets had become India's largest trading partner. [21] It was during her interview[clarification needed] that Rabindranath Tagore named her Priyadarshini, literally "looking at everything with kindness" in Sanskrit, and she came to be known as Indira Priyadarshini Nehru. [106] Beant Singh shot her three times using his side-arm; Satwant Singh fired 30 rounds. Populist programmes and policies were replaced by pragmatism. [123] Nixon later wrote of the war: "[Gandhi] suckered [America]. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies. [57][58] Gandhi had asked one of her colleagues in government, Ashoke Kumar Sen, to defend her in court. [121] India had signed a treaty with the Soviet Union promising mutual assistance in the case of war,[120] while Pakistan received active support from the United States during the conflict. [206] In 1966, the Mizo uprising took place against the government of India and overran almost the whole of the Mizoram region. She announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court and insisted that the conviction did not undermine her position. [145], The 1971 war became a temporary stumbling block in growing Indo-Iranian ties. Her first eleven years serving as Prime Minister saw Gandhi evolve from the perception of Congress party leaders as their puppet, to a strong leader with the iron resolve to split the party over her policy positions, or to go to war with Pakistan to liberate Bangladesh. [150] After reaching a high diplomatic point in the aftermath of Nehru's role in the Suez Crisis, India's isolation from Africa was complete when only four nations—Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Libya—supported her during the Sino-Indian War in 1962. Relations between ASEAN and India were mutually antagonistic. This established the official government policy of bilingualism in India and satisfied the non-Hindi speaking Indian states. This was characterised by servility and sycophancy towards the family which later turned into a hereditary succession of Gandhi family members to power. Indira Gandhi, I dare say, was let down by the men in her life. The Janata rule of less than three years was a saga of one misadventure after another. [190] The paper received overwhelming public support. [141], In order to keep the Soviet Union and the United States out of South Asia, Gandhi was instrumental in establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1983[142], Gandhi remained a staunch supporter of the Palestinians in the Arab–Israeli conflict and was critical of the Middle East diplomacy sponsored by the United States. https://www.biography.com/video/indira-gandhi-death-of-her-son-24511043684 [186], The unemployment rate remained constant at 9% over a nine-year period (1971–80) before declining to 8.3% in 1983. [215] Despite India being officially part of the Non-Aligned Movement, she gave Indian foreign policy a tilt towards the Soviet bloc. [252] Today, Mizoram is considered one of the most peaceful states in the north-east. Among the mourners depositing flowers on the pyre was Maneka Gandhi, the 28-year-old widow of Gandhi's late son, Sanjay, and their 4-year-old son. The Indian Express reported information from US diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks where Indira Gandhi is quoted to have said about Sanjay, “He is much too small a fry or person because he is not going to be the prime minister or the president. Even Indira Gandhi herself and her son Sanjay lost their respective seats. [49] The programs created through Garibi Hatao, though carried out locally, were funded and developed by the Central Government in New Delhi. [210] While the agreement was considered a victory for the Indian government and ended large-scale conflicts,[211] there have since been spurts of violence by rebel holdouts and ethnic conflict amongst the tribes. This time, it was passed successfully as the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India. Citing separatist tendencies, and in response to a call for revolution, Gandhi instituted a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 where basic civil liberties were suspended and the press was censored. The Kashmir conflict remained largely peaceful if frozen under Gandhi's premiership. The crossword clue Indira Gandhi's son with 5 letters was last seen on the December 25, 2018. She also resolutely refused to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). [150] Efforts to rope in the Asian community to join Indian diplomacy, however, came to naught, in part because of the unwillingness of Indians to remain in politically insecure surroundings, and because of the exodus of African Indians to Britain with the passing of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in 1968. About her other, older son, Rajiv, she used to say, ‘He doesn’t know anything about politics.’ It must have been a very bleak time for Indira Gandhi and … [45] The policies of the Congress under Gandhi, before the 1971 elections, also included proposals for the abolition of the Privy Purse to former rulers of the princely states and the 1969 nationalization of the fourteen largest banks in India. Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography. [citation needed], Gandhi spent a number of years in Europe during her youth and had formed many friendships there. The support of the Soviets with arms supplies and the casting of a veto at the United Nations helped in winning and consolidating the victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. The prevailing rumour was that he intended to dislodge Gandhi, and the trio stood to prevent that. Gandhi did not see the purpose of feminism. [144] Gandhi's tilt towards Moscow and her dismemberment of Pakistan was perceived by the Shah as part of a larger anti-Iran conspiracy involving India, Iraq, and the Soviet Union. [7] In 2020, Gandhi was named by Time magazine among the world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century. [185] Gandhi declared inflation the gravest of problems in 1974 (at 25.2%) and devised a severe anti-inflation program. But then, why did Sanjay slap Indira six times at a dinner party? However, in May 1976, Gandhi and Bhutto both agreed to reopen diplomatic establishments and normalise relations. This was unacceptable to many non-Hindi speaking states, which wanted the continued use of English in government. Afterwards, they were taken away by other guards into a closed room where Beant Singh was shot dead. [87], By the time of Sanjay's death, Gandhi trusted only family members, and therefore persuaded her reluctant son, Rajiv, to enter politics. Establishment of close ties with the socialist and secular Baathist regimes to some extent neutralised Pakistani propaganda against India. Inspiring Indira Gandhi quotes to live by! Elections held soon after for legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties resulted in Congress ministries in those states. on, 7. New York: Malhotra, Inder. The answer to this crossword puzzle is 5 letters long and begins with R. TOU LINK SRLS Capitale 2000 euro, CF 02484300997, P.IVA 02484300997, REA GE - 489695, PEC: Below you will find the correct answer to, Cleverness quick wittedness inventiveness, Indian prime minister, father of indira gandhi, Indira gandhi international airport locale, __ gandhi, son of indira, died in a plane crash, Indian statesman, d 1964, father of mrs indira gandhi. These allegations included that she "had planned or thought of killing all opposition leaders in jail during the Emergency". Indira Gandhi was India's third prime minister, serving from 1966 until 1984, when her life ended in assassination. 6 by the People's Republic of China. Sonia Gandhi (née Maino 1946), widow of Rajiv Gandhi. With so little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1972, after the less extremist Mizo leaders came to the negotiating table, Gandhi upgraded Mizoram to the status of a union territory. At the time, India was reliant on the US for food aid. [166] She justified the imposition of the state of emergency in 1975 in the name of the socialist mission of the Congress. That same year, Gandhi's son Sanjay (b. [165][166] Although in time Gandhi came to be viewed as the scourge of the right-wing and reactionary political elements of India, leftist opposition to her policies emerged. She saw her own success as a woman, and also noted that: "Given the opportunity to develop, capable Indian women have come to the top at once. "[230] Another historian recounts Indira's comparison of herself to Joan of Arc: "Indira developed a fascination for Joan of Arc, telling her aunt, 'Someday I am going to lead my people to freedom just as Joan of Arc did'! Repression and violence by the Pakistani army led to 10 million refugees crossing the border into India over the following months. At the same time, Indo-US relations were strained because of Gandhi's criticism of the American bombing campaign in Vietnam. [246] She is also almost singularly associated with the period of Emergency rule and the dark period in Indian Democracy that it entailed. [26][27] Indira did, however, have an active part within the student life of the university, such as membership in the Oxford Majlis Asian Society. [181][185], Gandhi inherited a tattered economy in her second term; harvest failures and a second oil shock in the late 1970s had caused inflation to rise again. Nevertheless, Gandhi authorised the development of a secret channel of contact and security assistance with Israel in the late 1960s. [171] To the rural and urban poor, untouchables, minorities and women in India, Gandhi was "Indira Amma or Mother Indira. "[170] Regardless of the debate over her ideology or lack thereof, Gandhi remains a left-wing icon. [144] But, the death of Nasser in 1970 and Sadat's growing friendship with Riyadh, and his mounting differences with Moscow, constrained Egypt to a policy of neutrality. 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